Blog

  • In Defense of Affinity

    President Donald Trump’s crusade against diversity, equity and inclusion claimed another victim, this time in the form of affinity groups at the United States Military Academy that promote “DEI” initiatives. Among the recently banned clubs are the Asian-Pacific Forum Club, the Contemporary Cultural Affairs Seminar Club, the Latin Cultural Club and the National Society of Black Engineers Club. With the Military Academy’s ban on its affinity groups, Naval Academy graduates are worried that their groups may be next.

    Since taking office in January, President Trump set his sights on creating a “meritocracy” within the Department of Defense. On January 27, President Trump released an Executive Order that stated “in recent years civilian and uniformed leadership alike have implemented Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) programs and their attendant race and sex preferences within the Armed Forces…They also violate Americans’ consciences by engaging in invidious race and sex discrimination.”

    In the sweeping changes that followed, President Trump fired the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Fagan, who was the first female to lead a branch of the armed forces. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth, unceremoniously declared “identity months dead at DoD” as he announced that “going forward, DoD Components and Military Departments will not use official resources, to include man-hours, to host celebrations or events related to cultural awareness months, including National African American/Black History Month, Women’s History Month, Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month, Pride Month, National Hispanic Heritage Month, National Disability Employment Awareness Month, and National American Indian Heritage Month.”

    In an effort to comply with the ongoing crusade, the United States Military Academy declared that its student clubs relating to diversity, equity and inclusion would cease to exist.

    Vincent Vu, a former West Point cadet who helped establish West Point’s now defunct Vietnamese American Cadet Association, told the New York Times “West Point was probably the first place where I had a supportive environment for my identity and who I am.” Vu credited the club with making him a “better officer.”

    Like its sister school, the United States Naval Academy boasts a plethora of affinity clubs, including the Society of Women Engineers, the Chinese Culture Club, the Filipino-American Midshipman Club, the Italian American Club, the Vietnamese Student Association and the Native American Heritage Club, among many others.

    Though there has been no official word from the United States Naval Academy regarding DEI-related groups or clubs, Naval Academy graduates are wary of potentially similar bans coming to Navy.

    One former midshipman, who wishes to remain anonymous, described how important an affinity group was in his development as an officer and also voiced his concerns over their potential ban.

    “I would not have become the officer I was if I had not joined my club. These clubs help you connect with other people who are like you, and when there are not that many that are like you, it is important to do that. We have Sailors, Marines, Soldiers and Airmen that could go their entire careers without the leadership of someone who has their same lived experiences and has experienced the same challenges they have faced. The more we connect and talk about those things, the stronger of a force we become. That is why these groups are important.” He continued to say that “maybe in a vacuum, the loss of these clubs wouldn’t actually mean that much change. But this is not a vacuum. The fact that these clubs already exist, we would be going out of our way to remove them, and that means that the groups of people affected are watching the deliberately public ban and thinking ‘they don’t want someone like me.’”

    While the Naval Academy has not made any decision about the future of its affinity clubs, the United States Naval Institute reported on February 10, that the Chief of Naval Operations canceled Memorandums of Understanding with three military affinity organizations: the Sea Services Leadership Association, the National Naval Services Officers Association and the Association of Naval Services Officers—all of which promoted diversity and inclusion for marginalized groups.

    The same anonymous source closed his thoughts with a call to let the clubs continue. He believes that “the military has consistently been at the forefront of acceptance of marginalized groups. It hasn’t always been pretty. But think back on the history of the military. Doris Miller was the first African American to receive the Navy Cross, and he did it in 1941, well before the Civil Rights movement. Think about Opha May Johnson, the first female to join the Marine Corps. She did it in 1918, before women had won the right to vote. Our military has always been a guiding feature in how to treat people. It must continue to be so.”

  • Crowning a Legacy of Excellence

    As the Eagles lined up in victory formation to play the final snap of Super Bowl LIX, Kobe Sutton, a 24-year-old pharmacist from Collegeville, was filled with immense pride. Reflecting on the enormity of the moment, Kobe said that the first Super Bowl win had been for the city of Philadelphia, but Super Bowl LIX was for the players and for Black fans.

    Taking a moment to think about it further, Kobe said “this franchise has always given Black men a voice in a way other teams haven’t, because the guy that leads the team has the loudest voice. More than any other team I can think of, the Eagles have given that voice to young Black men.”

    The 2024-2025 Eagles were a historic team in many ways. The defense was among the staunchest in recent memory and the team pummeled their opponents, earning a point differential that surpasses any team in NFL postseason history. But for all the statistical analysis that points to how special the team was, there is one storyline that stands out above the rest, Jalen Hurts was the first Black quarterback to win a Super Bowl in Philadelphia.

    That may not sound note-worthy. Afterall, four Black quarterbacks have won the Super Bowl: Doug Williams, Russell Wilson, Patrick Mahomes and now Hurts. But for a team with such a storied history of inclusion and representation at the quarterback position, the Super Bowl win is an acknowledgement of the franchises’ commitment to providing opportunities to young Black men.

    The position of quarterback is often considered the most important in all of sports. They typically receive the most pay among NFL players, they have the most responsibility on the field and historically speaking, they have generally all looked the same: white. A study from 2023 by FootballPerspective.com showed the historical bias against starting Black quarterbacks.

    Recently, however, the evolution of the position created an opportunity for Black quarterbacks to take over the league. One franchise stands out among the NFL’s 32 teams in providing opportunities for Black quarterbacks to succeed, the Philadelphia Eagles. The history regarding their lineage of black quarterbacks is extensive.

    According to readjack.com, a site that tracks the complete history of Black NFL starting quarterbacks, the Philadelphia Eagles rank first in total games started by Black quarterbacks. The Eagles boast 415 such games. The next best franchise is the Tennessee Titans—combining with games from their days as the Houston Oilers—with 341 starts. The Eagles are first, and it is not particularly close.

    Not only do the Eagles have the most starts by a Black quarterback, they also have the most postseason starts as well with 33 playoff games. The Chiefs are second with 21 playoff starts.

    Brandon Ruess, a 28-year-old teacher from Philadelphia, has watched the Eagles for as long as he can remember. His dad purchased him a Donovan McNabb jersey in 2003 that now hangs proudly next to his TV during Eagles games. Growing up, he never noticed that the quarterback for his team often looked different than the others. But now that he understands just how special the Eagles’ lineage of Black quarterbacks is, Hurts winning a Super Bowl means so much more to him.

    “I think I was too young to notice at first. But as I got older, it did stand out. There weren’t many Black quarterbacks that came across my screen, and I started to realize that the Eagles were one of the few teams that had a guy under center. Hurts winning a Super Bowl for us justifies the team continuously giving Black quarterbacks a chance.”

    The Eagles’ lineage began with Randall Cunningham, affectionately known as “The Ultimate Weapon” in Philadelphia. Cunningham was drafted by the Eagles in 1985 and played for Philadelphia until 1996. During his time in Philadelphia, Cunningham won two Bert Bell Awards, was runner-up for the league’s MVP award twice and also earned Comeback Player of the Year in 1992.

    The lineage continued with Rodney Peete, who played for the Eagles from 1995 to 1999.

    In 1999, the Eagles drafted Donovan McNabb with the second overall pick in the 1999 NFL draft. During his time in Philadelphia, McNabb led the Eagles to just their second Super Bowl appearance, reached six Pro Bowls and was runner-up for MVP in 2000. McNabb played in Philadelphia from 1999 to 2010.

    Continuing the legacy of black quarterbacks in the City of Brotherly Love was Michael Vick. After returning from suspension due to violation of the league’s personal conduct policy, Vick signed with the Eagles in 2009, playing in the city until 2014. During his time in Philadelphia, Vick reached the Pro Bowl once, was the runner-up for Offensive Player of the Year and won Comeback Player of the Year.

    From 2014 to 2020, the line of succession broke. But in 2020, the Eagles selected Jalen Hurts in the second round of the 2020 NFL Draft. He eventually took the reins from Carson Wentz and has since been to the Super Bowl twice, won Super Bowl MVP in Super Bowl LIX, been runner-up for the MVP and received Pro Bowl honors twice. To many black Eagles fans, it is Hurts’ Super Bowl LIX win that is the crowning achievement for a team that has a propensity to uplift black quarterbacks.

    Pierre Sajous, a 36-year-old Marine Biologist from Coatesville, is especially proud of the organizations’ commitment to providing opportunities to quarterbacks with whom he can identify.

    “I love the Eagles. I was born an Eagles fan, so I have to love them. But the fact that they have consistently had a quarterback that looks like me makes me love them even more. Black quarterbacks are way more common now, but that wasn’t always the case. It’s the Eagles that have consistently given Black quarterbacks the opportunities that they deserve.”

    Statistically speaking, it is far more common to see Black quarterbacks in the NFL now. Of the 32 teams, 20 of them started Black quarterbacks during the 2024-2025 season, and 16 have Black quarterbacks who consistently started. The list of consistent starters includes Jalen Hurts, Patrick Mahomes, Lamar Jackson, CJ Stroud, Jayden Daniels, Jordan Love, Caleb Williams, Kyler Murray, Dak Prescott, Michael Penix Jr., Geno Smith, Tua Tagovailoa, Anthony Richardson, Bryce Young, Russell Wilson and Jameis Winston.

    The list is long now, as NFL teams recognize that quarterbacks do not need to all look the same. But the Eagles were at the forefront of change and have a legacy of Black quarterback excellence. No other team has the same history of recognized personal and team success among their lineage of Black quarterbacks as the Philadelphia Eagles. Hurts, McNabb and Vick sat down with former ESPN analyst Robert Griffin III to talk about being a part of the storied history of Black quarterbacks in Philadelphia.

    The importance of the line of succession he carries is not lost on Hurts. During Super Bowl LIX Media Week, Hurts was asked about his second time playing against Mahomes in the Super Bowl, the second time two Black quarterbacks met on the games’ biggest stage. Hurts said that he was “embracing that stage and knowing that torch [he carries].”

    “Jalen knows it too, which makes it that much sweeter. It feels like he understands the role he’s been placed in and is honoring the history of Black quarterbacks in Philadelphia” says Kobe, considering the teams’ lineage.

    Kobe added “the best part is that Jalen is just getting started. He won this one. He’s probably the best Black quarterback we’ve had already. But he’s got so much more time to do it again. The history of Black quarterbacks in Philadelphia isn’t finished yet.”

  • Eagles Everywhere

    Stories about Philadelphia sports fans are infamous. They are often true. The Eagles’ old stadium, Veteran Stadium, did actually have a jail underneath the field, complete with a presiding judge. Eagles fans did throw snowballs at Santa Claus (though the details of that event tell a much different story). Being an Eagles fan is a unique experience that deeply connects everyone that “bleeds green.” The Eagles released a video at the beginning of the 2014 season that captures the essence of being an Eagles fan and the interconnectedness of the fanbase.

    Tough, loud and passionate; those are the words typically used to describe Eagles fans. And after the Eagle’s win against the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl LIX, Eagles fans once again flooded the street to loudly celebrate in what has become standard fashion, climbing street and light poles.

    For Michael Matthews, the celebration was a bit different this year. Matthews was not in Philadelphia to practice the “Brotherly Shove” on Broad Street. Instead, he was thousands of miles away, in a different country altogether. Matthews is a MEDEVAC helicopter pilot for the Army and is currently deployed. He has been gone for over 10 months and still has a few weeks left before he can return home.

    Thinking about watching the Super Bowl from a deployed environment, Matthews said that “it’s interesting being in this situation. You always see Soldiers, Marines, Sailors and Airmen on your screen during the national anthem and stuff. Like they will always show them saluting and at the bottom it will have whatever Airforce base they are watching from. They didn’t film us or anything, but it was kind of funny thinking how I am here now.”

    Fortunately for Matthews, his unit had just received some time off in Berlin for a bit of rest and relaxation. For the game, he was able to get off base and go into Berlin to watch it at a local bar. While there, Matthews experienced firsthand the connection between Eagles fans.

    “I was looking forward to the game. But it wasn’t going to be the same. I went with some friends from the squadron, but what was really cool was the first bar we walked into had a few other Americans in it that were there to watch. They actually were Eagles fans. I hit them with a loud ‘Go Birds’ and it’s like we were all instantly best friends.”

    Matthews was appreciative of the extra company from the Eagles fans. “Seeing the Birds win with a few other fans, that was awesome. It made me feel like I was back home with everyone, even for just a few minutes. Seeing everyone celebrate all crazy afterwards too. I didn’t get to storm the streets like everyone else, but I did get to have a few drinks and scream and yell ‘Go Birds’ a lot while wearing a Jalen Hurts jersey. I got to get a little taste of home, even if our little group of Eagles fans didn’t get to climb any poles.”

    For another Eagles fan, Joe Massey, the Super Bowl was an opportunity to see family. Massey is also displaced from Philadelphia and currently lives in San Diego. For Super Bowl LIX, his father, Richard Massey, flew all the way from Philadelphia to San Diego just to watch the Super Bowl with him.

    “Back in 2022, we actually went to the Super Bowl in Arizona. When we lost it really sucked. But it was definitely a great experience getting to go to the big game with your dad. This time around we said that we can’t go because it would be bad luck. But we really wanted to watch the game together again. So he flew all the way out and we watched just the two of us in my house. The Eagles are one of the biggest things in our lives. Its our favorite way to bond. My earliest memories are of yelling at the TV watching the Birds with my dad. Sharing this Super Bowl with him was one of the best days of my life.”

    Eagles fandom is special. It is a passion that compels someone to fly for nine hours to watch a four-hour game with their son. It is an experience that connects fans in a random bar in Berlin when they cannot be at home. It is a loud “Go Birds” as you walk down the street and the required response that follows: “Go Birds,” but even louder. It is unlike any other fandom in sports. It is a family for Eagles everywhere.

  • Commanders Get Rocked…Hard, Hurts Leads the Eagles to the Super Bowl

    “I feel good. It’s hard to beat a good team three times in a season. We lost one on purpose during Week 16.”

    It is an old adage, but one that Eagles fan and amateur sports blogger Mitchell Warner echoed—perhaps a bit tongue in cheek—leading up to the NFC Championship Game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Washington Commanders.

    The final regular season matchup between the two NFC East division rivals ended in stunning fashion, as rookie quarterback and presumptive Offensive Rookie of the Year, Jayden Daniels, threw a game winning touchdown in the final seconds of the game. In that matchup, Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts left the game in the first quarter with a concussion, stalling the offense for much of the remaining 45 minutes.

    The win emboldened Commanders fans. So much so, in fact, that they had the gall to “take over” Philadelphia’s iconic Hard Rock Café on the corner of 12th and Market, deep in the heart of Center City.

    You can read my last sentence as a joke.

    Evidently, the bigger joke was the Commanders’ rushing defense. It took just one play and 18 seconds for Saquon Barkley to score. He has three scores of 50+ yards this postseason, more than any other player in the last 25 years.

    The Commanders had just executed an efficient 18 play drive, converting two fourth down attempts, chewing up almost half of the first quarter, ending with a field goal to secure an early 3-0 lead.

    “The first drive had me a bit nervous. But it felt like Saquon’s run broke the game open from the start.” Mitchell’s nerves quickly gave way to excitement.

    Indeed, the score on the first play from scrimmage was a sign of things to come. Offensive Coordinator Kellen Moore called his best game on the biggest stage yet and Jalen Hurts took over the game, executing the offense almost to perfection.

    That was the difference. The Commanders fans that made the trip up I-95 were hoping for a Jalen Hurts that was immobile and indecisive.

    Throughout much of the season, Hurts has set aside individual statistics and success in favor of team wins. Frequently held under 200 yards per game and often late on throws, Hurts had rare moments where he looked like the quarterback that led the Eagles to the Super Bowl in 2022. The wins were rolling in, but they were not always the most aesthetically pleasing.

    The sentiment regarding the deterioration of Hurts’ game was echoed nationwide. A quick survey of the national coverage of the playoffs yields a polarizing depiction of Hurts. Analysts across sports networks found ways to take shots at the Eagles’ signal caller, many of them predicting the Eagles to fall short against the Packers. Then it was the Rams. The Commanders were just the next team that would put away the Eagles and their poor passing offense.

    Hurts got the last laugh.

    He finished the game completing 20 of 28 passes for 246 yards and a touchdown. He ended the game with .511 EPA/play, a 94th percentile performance this season. In fact, of all four quarterbacks to play in a conference championship this year, Hurts led all of them in EPA/play, completion percentage and completion percentage over expected. Hurts was the linchpin for the best offense on championship weekend.

    (data generated via rbsdm.com/stats)

    The efficiency was good to see after a season when the offense was not always humming so smoothly. Commanders fans may have been surprised by the Jalen Hurts that played in the NFC Championship Game, but Eagles fans were not. Downingtown native Pete Crossan knew Jalen Hurts’ winning ways would prevail once again.

    “The key to the game was keeping Jalen in the pocket and running the ball with Saquon. Quick draws. Calling screens. Letting the defense do what they’ve done all season. We were a better team position by position on the depth chart. We had home field advantage.”

    Pete is not wrong. Saquon clearly was important.

    Perhaps even more telling though, was his mention of the importance of keeping Hurts upright in the pocket. Hurts has been nails from the pocket this season, challenging the conventional wisdom that he is more of a scrambler.

    Hurts again silenced his doubters against the Commanders. In the first half alone, Hurts threw for 110 yards, a touchdown and a 116.0 passer rating with an 84.6% adjusted completion percentage when kept clean.

    Jalen Hurts and the Eagles’ offense gave the Commanders all they could handle and then some. When the clock hit zeroes, the Eagles were up 55-23.

    It was an unceremonious exit for the Commanders; the ride just a few hours south down I-95 was likely filled with sadness, disappointment and regrets. They could not take over at Lincoln Financial Field.

    But hey, at least the fans will always have the Hard Rock Café.

    Aside: Teasing Commanders fans is all in good fun. Tailgate Ted’s passion for his team is commendable. Even more commendable is his work in raising money in support of the fight against lung cancer. Check out his fundraising campaign, Lungevity, here. Eagles fans have already helped Tailgate Ted surpass his initial goal.

  • Eagles vs Commanders

    What the Eagles need to do to win their 8th NFC Championship Game since 2001.

    As the old adage “it’s hard to beat a good team three times in one season.”

    The Eagles have a date with the Washington Commanders for the third time this season. They won at Lincoln Financial Field but suffered a last second loss at FedEx Field after Eagles QB Jalen Hurts exited the game in the first quarter with a concussion. Since then, the Eagles have put away the Packers and the Rams in the wildcard and divisional rounds of the playoffs. In both games, the team has struggled.

    Against the Rams, the Eagles almost gave the game away. After his fourth touchdown of 60+ yards this year against the Rams, Saquon Barkley had the Eagles on the verge of their eighth NFC Championship Game in 24 years. Yet, it came down to a Jalen Carter sack and another Jalen Carter pressure in the redzone in the final seconds of the game to close out the visiting Rams. If the Eagles want to make a trip to New Orleans, they will need to play much better situational football against the Commanders.

    Prior to playing the Rams, the defense was not receiving as much scrutiny as they maybe deserved for their performance against the Packers. The Eagles defense benefitted from multiple turnovers to seal the victory against Green Bay. The numbers indicate that the defense played much worse than the final score shows. From weeks 1-18, the Packers had a 0.4% 3rd down conversion rate over expected, good for 18th in the league. Yet, when you include their wildcard performance against the Eagles, that number grows to 1.4%, a massive jump for the addition of just a single week. The defense played much better on third down against the Rams, which more consistent with their performance throughout the rest of the season, though the Eagles likely benefitted from the snowy weather affecting Matthew Stafford and the rest of the offense. 

    Third down will be much more important this week against the Commanders. And not just 3rd down, 4th down too. Sean McVay’s approach is much more conservative on 4th down than the Commanders will be.

    https://twitter.com/NFL_DovKleiman/status/1881517468302352750/photo/1

    The Commanders have made a living on 4th down this season, far outpacing a league that continuously moves towards utilizing all four downs. They also succeed on 3rd down, posting a 45.6% 3rd down conversion rate, good for 3rd in the NFL. And this time, the Eagles will not be able to rely on the weather to help them.

    The presumptive Offensive Rookie of the Year, Commanders quarterback Jayden Daniels, presents a unique challenge for the Eagles, one that they have faced multiple times this season. Per Sumer Sports, Daniels leads the league in scramble rate, scrambling on 12% of his drop backs and second in quarterback rushing yards, behind only Lamar Jackson. In the first game, the Eagles defense was able to successfully limit Daniels’ scrambling ability. In the second matchup, they were not quite so lucky.

    It will be up to Vic Fangio to force 3rd and 4th downs and make sure Daniels remains in the pocket. Look for the Eagles to continue to play a high rate of zone coverage so that defenders can keep their eyes on the quarterback and for the defensive line to mush rush, maintain gap integrity and limit Daniels’ chances to escape the pocket. More than ever, it will be important for the Eagles to present interior pressure.

    With the Commanders’ starting guard Sam Cosmi out for this game, the Commanders will likely double team Eagles standout DT Jalen Carter. Even with the extra attention, Carter can still be a force.

    Even if the Commanders effectively limit Carter with double teams, the greater attention he will receive should present the other interior rushers with the opportunity to win their one-on-one matchups. Milton Williams and Moro Ojomo will need to step up.

    The Commanders are the best offense this Eagles have faced this postseason. They are an efficient offense in both the run game and the passing game. They boast a .149 EPA/play, ranking 4th in the NFL. In fact, across EPA per rush, rushing success rate, EPA per drop back and drop back success rate, the lowest mark for the Commanders is drop back success rate, where they rank 6th in the NFL. This will not be an easy game for Vic Fangio’s defense.

    Among the most pivotal matchups is how Kliff Kingsbury’s offense will exploit backup linebacker Oren Burks. Burks filled in admirably for the injured Nakobe Dean, but Sean McVay foolishly did not target that matchup frequently. It will be a familiar face that will prey on Burks’ coverage shortfalls this week. Zach Ertz has had a resurgent season in Washington. Among tight ends with at least 30 receptions, Ertz ranks ninth in total EPA and accounts for 18.1% of Commanders’ targets this season. Expect for Jayden Daniels to get him the ball early and often. Fortunately, Burks is at his best coming downhill and is aggressive when pursuing ball carriers. As all Eagles fans know, Ertz is not known for his creative ability in yards after catch situations.

    The Commanders are among the league’s most creative teams when it comes to personnel groupings and formations, so expect Ertz to lineup in a multitude of places throughout the formation. When he splits out wide in 11 personnel, I would like to see Fangio to account for him by mixing in man coverage and walking CJ Gardner-Johnson down to the line of scrimmage.

    Ultimately, I expect the Commanders to score often in this game. I have not even mentioned Terry McLaurin, who has been one of the best receivers in the NFL this season, nor Dyami Brown and Olamide Zaccheus, who have both had good years in Kliff Kingsbury’s offense. The efficiency of both their run and pass game proves they can take advantage of the Eagles defense in ways other teams cannot, with the quarterback run game stressing the defense on 3rd and 4th downs. Daniels may be a rookie, but as Vic Fangio said during his press conference availability this week, “[Daniels] is a young quarterback by birth certificate, not by the tape.”

    On offense, the focus will be on how Jalen Hurts performs against what is statistically the worst defense still in the playoffs. As of the time of this writing, Commanders DT Daron Payne will be out for the game, a huge loss for a Commanders team that already gives up among the most yards before contact to opposing running backs.

    Jalen was out early in the last game, suffering a concussion that kept him out multiple weeks. It was clear almost immediately that Jalen’s absence greatly affected how the Commanders played against the run. With Jalen not a threat to keep the ball on read options, the defense was able to key on Saquon, limiting his breakaway runs and efficiency.

    The Commanders’ defensive coordinator has already made a point to try and intimidate the Eagles into limiting Jalen’s rushing attempt, stating that they were going to hit Jalen like a running back. A sound assessment to make, but likely a foolish one considering their own quarterback’s propensity to run.

    Once again, I would expect this game to come down to the rushing game. The Eagles have identified their preferred method and path to victory, a dominant run game and stout defense. It may not be the most aesthetically pleasing way to win a game, but the Commanders struggle against the run game. If the Eagles can stay ahead of the sticks and keep Saquon on the field, they have as good a chance as any team.

    Ultimately, I see the Eagles falling just short in this game. After seeing the way Daniels has been playing, especially against the Eagles in Week 16, I think that the Commanders can convert on either 3rd or 4th down almost every drive when needed. The Eagles’ defense has been great all season but has been more suspect recently. That, coupled with an injury to Cam Jurgens, which will likely inhibit the run game, might mean the difference for the Eagles. Final score Commanders 30, Eagles 27.